Reviewed By Dr. Tyler N Davis, DMD
Reading Time: 4 minutes
White patches in your mouth can be concerning, especially if they don’t go away on their own. While they’re often harmless, they can sometimes signal an underlying condition that needs attention.
One possible cause is leukoplakia, a condition that appears as thick, white patches on the mucous membranes.
This blog will explain what leukoplakia is, its causes, symptoms, treatment options, and when to seek professional help for white patches in the mouth.
Table of Contents
Key Takeaway
If you notice white patches in your mouth, you should not ignore them. While they can be harmless, certain types of leukoplakia may indicate a risk of oral cancer. Seek a professional dental exam for early detection and proper care.
What is Leukoplakia?
Leukoplakia is a condition where thick, white patches appear on the oral mucosa (the soft lining inside your mouth). These patches, often seen on the tongue, gums, or cheeks, cannot be scraped off easily.
While most leukoplakia patches are benign, some can be precancerous lesions with a risk of progressing to oral cancer, including squamous cell carcinomas.
Seek professional evaluation for an accurate diagnosis of leukoplakia. Check out this blog to learn what is involved in a dental checkup: Are Regular Dental Checkups Really Necessary?
Causes of Leukoplakia
Leukoplakia often results from chronic irritation in the mouth. Common triggers include:
- Tobacco products: Smoking or chewing tobacco can irritate the oral tissues.
- Heavy alcohol consumption: Alcohol can damage the delicate tissues of the oral cavity.
- Chronic irritation: Ill-fitting dentures, sharp teeth, or cheek biting.
- Epstein-Barr virus (EBV): A virus linked to hairy leukoplakia, commonly seen in individuals with weakened immune systems.
Types of Leukoplakia
There are several types of leukoplakia, including:
- Homogeneous leukoplakia: Smooth, white patches with even color.
- Non-homogeneous leukoplakia: Irregular, mixed white and red patches with a higher malignant transformation rate.
- Hairy leukoplakia: Fuzzy white patches often seen on the tongue, associated with EBV.
- Verrucous leukoplakia: A rare but aggressive form with a warty texture.
Symptoms of Leukoplakia
- White or gray patches inside the mouth.
- Patches on the buccal mucosa, tongue, or gums.
- Thickened or slightly raised surfaces.
- Typically painless but persistent.
If you have a white patch that does not heal or worsens, seek a dental evaluation promptly.
How is Leukoplakia Diagnosed?
A clinical diagnosis involves a thorough oral exam by a dental professional.
If a patch appears suspicious, a biopsy specimen may be taken for microscopic examination to identify abnormal cells or dysplastic lesions.
The standard for diagnosis often involves:
- Visual examination: Identifying white lesions of the oral cavity.
- Excisional biopsy: Removing part of the lesion for closer analysis.
- Histopathologic diagnosis: Assessing cell changes under a microscope.
Is Leukoplakia Cancerous?
Most leukoplakic lesions are benign.
However, some cases can show evidence of dysplasia (abnormal cell changes), including:
- Mild dysplasia: Minimal abnormal cell activity.
- Moderate dysplasia: Increased risk of becoming cancerous.
- Severe dysplasia: High likelihood of developing into oral cancer.
Lesions with non-homogeneous leukoplakia or speckled leukoplakia have a higher cancer risk.
Leukoplakia Treatment Options
Leukoplakia treatment depends on the size, location, and severity of the lesion:
- Removing the source of irritation: Eliminate smoking, alcohol use, and correct poorly fitting dental appliances.
- Surgical removal: A healthcare professional may perform an excisional biopsy or laser surgery to remove persistent patches.
- Medication: If a fungal infection like hyperplastic candidiasis is present, antifungal treatment may be prescribed.
FAQs about Leukoplakia
Should I be worried about a white patch in my mouth?Can root canals cause illness?
A white patch can be harmless but may also indicate leukoplakia or another precancerous condition. It is always better to err on the side of caution and get an exam by a dental professional.
Is leukoplakia painful?
No, it is typically painless but can become sensitive if irritated.
Can leukoplakia turn into cancer?
Yes, certain forms like non-homogeneous leukoplakia have a higher risk of malignant transformation.
How can I prevent leukoplakia?
Avoid tobacco, reduce alcohol intake, and maintain good oral hygiene. Regular dental checkups can help detect early oral lesions.
What is the difference between leukoplakia and white sponge nevus?
White sponge nevus is a genetic condition, while leukoplakia often results from irritation.
Book a Dental Exam in Mesa, AZ Today
If you notice white lesions in your mouth, it is important to seek professional care. Early detection can help prevent serious complications, including oral cancer.If you are in the Phoenix East Valley, schedule a dental exam at our dental office in Mesa, AZ, call (480) 664-1438 or complete the online inquiry form. Visit us at 2500 South Power Road, Suite 102, Mesa, AZ.